海河平原区棉花饲用黑麦复种方式及水肥利用效率分析

2011年10月-2014年10月连续3年在河北省任县安排了定位试验,通过饲用黑麦不同播期与棉花构建几种棉草复种茬口搭配方式,从产量、经济效益、水分利用效率和养分利用效率以及对土壤肥力影响等方面综合分析棉花饲用黑麦复种的可行性及复种方式。结果表明,棉花可与饲用黑麦复种,为降低饲用黑麦对棉花的影响,饲用黑麦可适当推迟到10月20日播种,次年4月底收获,效益可提高5470.1元·hm^-2。棉花饲用黑麦复种与棉花单作相比,平均水分利用率提高16.49%;水分经济利用效率提高56.54%;并且土壤有机质平均增长幅度提高5.71%,土壤含盐量平均降低幅度达到23.72%,土壤改良效果明显;是适用于该区域的高效复种模式。     

Innovative layer genetics to handle global challenges in egg production

1. In commercial layer breeding, extensive gene pools are tested and selected for market requirements which must be anticipated at least 5 years ahead. Field results confirm a continuous positive genetic trend in egg output and better feed efficiency which can be converted into land savings.

2. Animal welfare and cage-free housing dominate future needs of the market. Nesting behaviour and minimal tendency to develop feather-pecking or cannibalism without beak treatment are key trait complexes. Stronger shells for longer production cycles without moulting have to be combined with better bones.

3. No single big gene effect can be expected to control the multifactorial problem of feather-pecking. Adjusting the shape of the beak, with a heritability of .10–.25, can contribute to reducing the risk of severe cannibalism.

4. For better skeletal integrity, the assessment of bone quality in pedigree birds housed in enriched cages is done by keel bone palpation or ultrasound measurement of the humerus. Both traits show similar heritabilities in the range of .15–.30 and can be included in a balanced selection approach for performance, quality and welfare traits.

5. The combination of performance testing and genome-wide DNA marker analysis is a promising tool to generate more progress for a balanced performance and behaviour profile.     

Sex‐dependent responses of perch to changes in water clarity and temperature

Rising temperatures and decreasing water transparency of lakes have strong wide ranging effects on fish. Fish responses to various changes in the environment are usually species‐dependent, but responses may also vary within species. In general, large individuals are considered to be more sensitive to environmental variation due to higher energy demand, than smaller individuals. Similarly, large individuals require more food to maintain bodily functions and are thus more sensitive to resource and food scarcity. These size‐specific responses to environmental gradients are also sex‐dependent in species that exhibit sexual size dimorphism (SSD). We studied in enclosures with short‐term experiments how rising temperatures and decreasing water transparency regulate the feeding rates of female and male European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). To explore experimental results, we calculated perch SSD in nine lakes with varying environmental conditions using previously collected field data. The results of the experiments revealed that the combined effect of water transparency and temperature on the feeding rate of fish is gender‐dependent: feeding rate of females decreased more than that of males. The experimental results were also supported by field data that revealed a negative relation between water transparency and the magnitude of SSD in perch. Our results suggest that rising temperatures and decreasing water transparency may potentially decrease fish size in a sex‐dependent manner. As female size is one of the main demographic traits determining the reproductive success of a fish population, changing environments may have unexpected and far‐reaching consequences on fish population dynamics.     

地理探测器与Tobit模型在粤西地区粮食生产效率及影响因子分析中的比较应用

为明晰粤西地区粮食生产效率及其关键影响因子，实现优化资源配置效率和推进粮食生产转型升级，基于1999—2018年粤西地区茂名、阳江、湛江3市粮食生产数据，采用交叉效率DEA模型测算区域粮食生产效率，揭示近20年粮食生产效率的时空变化特征，并利用Tobit模型和地理探测器模型比较分析粮食生产效率的关键影响因子。结果表明：粤西地区粮食生产效率平均值为0.77，其中，茂名市粮食生产效率最高（0.88），阳江市次之（0.78），湛江市最低（0.65）。Tobit模型和地理探测器测算粤西地区粮食生产效率影响力（贡献力）最大的投入因子是农业机械总动力，分别为-1.082和0.942。Tobit模型测得的7个投入因子仅化肥施用量（0.015）与粮食生产效率呈显著正相关，有效灌溉面积、粮食播种面积、农药使用量3个因子与粮食生产效率相关性不显著，农用塑料薄膜使用量、从业人口、农业机械总动力3个因子呈显著负相关。而地理探测器测得所有因子均对粮食生产效率产生显著影响。阳江市投入因子贡献力与粤西地区大致相同，但化肥施用量贡献力高出有效灌溉面积0.008。湛江市与茂名市化肥和农药投入的贡献力仅次于农业机械总动力，有效灌溉面积贡献力均最低。但茂名市粮食播种面积的贡献力依次大于从业人口和农用塑料薄膜使用量，湛江市则相反。研究表明，20年来粤西地区粮食生产效率不高，整体呈中等效率水平，粮食生产效率先降后升的变化趋势显著；地理探测器测度结果无不显著因子存在，探测因子影响力比Tobit模型所得结果更稳定且偏误小；农业机械总动力是影响粤西3市粮食生产效率的主导因子，但不同城市粮食生产效率的因子贡献力差异较大，湛江和茂名对化肥、农药等污染较大的生产要素依赖性更强。     

An investigation into the grazing efficiency of perennial ryegrass varieties

The objective of this study was to compare the grazing efficiency of 30 perennial ryegrass varieties, differing in ploidy and heading date. Plots were grazed by lactating dairy cows and managed under a rotational grazing system with 19 grazing events occurring over two years. Pre-grazing and post-grazing compressed sward heights were measured with a rising plate meter. A mixed model was used to predict the post-grazing sward height of each variety based on year, grazing event, block and pre-grazing sward height. Residual grazed height (RGH) was derived as the difference between the actual and predicted post-grazing sward height and was used as the measure of grazing efficiency. Negative RGH values indicated that the actual herbage removed was greater than that predicted and so indicated a superior grazing efficiency. Varieties differed in their level of grazing efficiency (p < .001), with RGH values ranging from −0.38 to +0.34 cm. Tetraploid varieties exhibited significantly greater grazing efficiency performance than diploids (p < .001), with average RGH values of −0.13 and +0.13 cm respectively. A significant difference in grazing efficiency was found among recommended perennial ryegrass varieties that are not being recorded by mechanically harvested simulated grazing protocols. A variety reappraisal that included grazing efficiency could identify varieties capable of improving on-farm livestock productivity from grass.     

耐低氮烟草基因型的筛选及氮效率分析

筛选耐低氮及氮高效的烟草基因型是提高氮素利用效率，减少氮污染的一种有效途径。本文采用营养液培养方法，于苗期以低氮(0.5 mmol L–1)和正常氮(5.0 mmol L–1)处理74个不同基因型烟草，通过指标统计、因子分析、聚类分析来确定评价指标及筛选出耐低氮基因型，并结合氮效率综合值分析表明，在低氮和正常氮条件下，不同基因型烟草的根系体积、根系生物量、茎叶氮累积量、地上部生物量变异系数均较大，分别为0.37~0.68和0.38~0.64。低氮和正常氮的主成分基本相似，在不同供氮条件下茎叶氮累积量、地上部生物量均起主要作用。筛选出15个耐低氮基因型，占供试材料的20.3%，其中8个属于低氮高效正常氮低效型，占耐低氮基因型的53.3%，6个属于低氮低效正常氮低效型，占40.0%，1个属于低氮高效正常氮高效型，占0.7%；筛选出8个低氮敏感基因型，其中6个属于低氮低效正常氮高效型，占75.0%，2个属于低氮低效正常氮低效型，占25.0%。初步确定14P9为耐低氮、氮高效基因型，中烟100和K394为低氮敏感、氮低效基因型。     

促进玉米子粒脱水的农艺措施研究进展

作为我国玉米的主要产品类型,子粒用玉米收获时含水率是决定玉米子粒机械化直收质量、储藏安全和经济效益的关键因素,收获期子粒含水率高已经成为制约我国机械化粒收技术大面积推广应用、影响玉米及其制品质量与安全生产、限制玉米产业提质增效发展的重要经济与技术问题。对国内外促进玉米子粒脱水的农艺措施相关研究进行总结与分析,认为未来玉米全程机械化生产过程中,在选用适宜子粒机械化直收优良品种的前提下,应结合各区域不同熟期品种的精细化布局,通过不断改进种植模式、优化养分和水分精准运筹方式,创新适时冠层结构调控措施,研发高效促脱水化学调控产品等关键栽培技术途径,建立生育后期子粒灌浆和脱水动力学协同关系,营造通透群体微区环境,加速子粒水分散失;收获时间调节方面,除了依据不同品种生理成熟前后的子粒脱水动力学进程、种植规模、市场供需格局和农机调度管理等因素外,还应充分考虑田间倒伏、落穗、穗腐、虫害及野生动物破坏导致的产量损失;此外,应加强与关键技术措施相配套的轻简化农机装备的有效研制,将农艺农机深度融合,进一步推动玉米子粒机械化直收技术应用,促进我国玉米及其制品质量与安全,提升玉米生产竞争力,实现玉米产业可持续发展。     

太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统冬季制热性能

热源塔热泵系统以空气为冷热源,在冬季制热时其性能会随环境温度的降低而降低。为此研发了可应用陕南地区农村建筑的太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统,试验研究了冬季工况下系统的制热性能,初步分析了太阳热能与空气热能的互补机理。研究结果表明:系统制热量范围为12.1～15.2 k W,热泵机组性能系数范围为2.3～3.5,系统能效比范围为1.5～2.4,供热温度高于41℃;冷却水温度对压缩机耗电量的影响程度大于防冻溶液温度,冷却水平均温度每升高1℃,压缩要耗电量增加98.1 W,而防冻溶液平均温度每升高1℃,压缩机耗电量减小9.5 W;太阳能辅助热源塔热泵制热模式下,热泵机组通过改变防冻溶液与空气和集热工质换热温差的方法来改变防冻溶液从空气和集热水箱中的吸热量,以实现空气热能与太阳热能的互补。建议在实际应用中应避免供热温度过高以减小压缩机耗电;在集热水箱温度较高时通过降低风机频率减小风机耗电以提高系统综合能效,但应避免风机低频率工作可能给机组安全运行带来的隐患。     

虾青素对大鳞副泥鳅幼鱼生长、体成分及抗氧化指标的影响

【目的】研究饲料不同虾青素添加水平对大鳞副泥鳅幼鱼生长、体成分及抗氧化指标的影响。【方法】选取450尾初始体质量为(3.00±0.10) g/尾的大鳞副泥鳅幼鱼,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别饲喂基础饲料(对照组)以及添加50,100,150,200 mg/kg虾青素的试验饲料,在控温养殖系统中进行为期8周的饲养试验。试验结束后,称量鱼体质量并计算生长指标,测定试鱼体成分及肝胰脏抗氧化指标。【结果】试验期间大鳞副泥鳅成活率为100%。大鳞副泥鳅的终末体质量、平均增重率和特定生长率在虾青素添加水平为50～200 mg/kg时显著高于对照组(P0.05),饲料效率和蛋白质效率在虾青素添加水平为100～200 mg/kg时显著高于对照组(P0.05);结合抛物线回归分析结果与方差分析结果可知,大鳞副泥鳅平均增重率最大时的最适虾青素添加水平为100～151.06 mg/kg,饲料效率最大时的虾青素添加水平为100～157.04 mg/kg。当虾青素添加水平为50～200 mg/kg时,大鳞副泥鳅全鱼蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。肝胰脏总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量在虾青素添加水平为50～200 mg/kg时均显著高于对照组(P0.05);当虾青素添加水平为50～200 mg/kg时,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。【结论】本试验条件下,综合生长、体成分及抗氧化指标,大鳞副泥鳅饲料中虾青素的最适添加水平为100～151.06 mg/kg。     

施氮对蜀恢498及其突变体株型和物质生产特性的影响

【目的】分析不同施氮量处理下水稻株型、物质生产以及产量的变化规律,为水稻新品种的选育和栽培管理提供参考。【方法】2015-2016年,以蜀恢498(R498)及其突变体sg1和sg2为材料,采用两因素裂区设计,其中施氮量为主因素(0,90,180 kg/hm~2以下简称为CK,N90,N180),水稻材料为副因素,分析了不同施氮处理下蜀恢498及其突变体节间长度、叶部特征、叶面积指数、高效叶面积率、粒叶比、干物质量、产量及其构成因素的变化。【结果】(1)施氮对R498及其突变体sg1和sg2上部N_1～N_5节间长度均有一定影响,其中N_1、N_2和N_3的节间长度均表现为R498sg1sg2,差异达到显著水平,N_4和N_5节间长度无明显变化规律。在同一节间下,低氮处理(N90)的节间长度与高氮处理(N180)的差异不显著。与CK相比,施氮增加了水稻叶片长度和宽度、单叶面积以及叶面积指数,降低了2016年高效叶面积率。(2)随着施氮量的增加,粒叶比呈降低趋势;3个材料中,sg1的粒叶比最大,比R498和sg2分别高14.97%和34.83%。(3)干物质量随施氮量的增加而增大,N90与N180处理间差异较小。2015-2016年,水稻的产量均表现为R498sg1sg2。R498、sg1和sg2产量均随施氮量的增加而增大。2015和2016年,R498、sg1和sg2 N90处理的产量比N180处理分别减少了14.96%,14.45%,23.77%和2.23%,6.25%,8.66%。有效穗数和千粒质量均表现为R498sg1sg2,而颖花数和着粒密度则表现为sg2sg1R498;施氮对有效穗数影响最大,N90与N180处理间差异总体达到显著水平。(4)2015和2016年,N90处理氮肥偏生产力处理显著高于N180处理。氮肥农学利用率表现为sg2sg1R498,氮肥偏生产力表现为R498sg1sg2。【结论】突变体sg1对氮响应较慢,在水稻育种中有很大的应用价值。在杂交品种选育中,可通过观测不同材料在不同供氮水平下的表现,从而选育出稳产增产的水稻新品种,更好地实现减氮稳产增效。